Improvements to policing and rebalancing the penal system is the answer to the question I did not ask- we both understand that is addressing the effect.
Eradicating the deeply ingrained societal ills is precisely the causal question I'm asking.
Which brings us back round to investing in housing, city and town planning, health and social services, education, and meaningful job creation , plus a few other things besides.
Having the effect of creating a society in in which offending just
isn't the the 'best' or even only option available to so many.
Sure we need good policing, and even some locking up after the fact.
But living in a less threatening, and pleasanter more positive society in the first place, so less of this shoot happens is better for everyone..
The US shows us that a high prison population, even capital punishment, isn't effective in creating this peaceful society .
Who loses out on increased 'wellbeing' in society .??
Those for whom keeping a fair section of the population poor and under resourced is ultimately a money spinner..