Some key notes regarding the apparent windfall from raised global oil prices which are apparently assisting Russia's economy and therefore, war chest.
[Source: The Russian Dude using stats derived from various news sources]
- Approx. 45 to 50% of Russian oil and gas is state owned. This means that the government only get tax revenue from the sales.
- Urals crude oil prices are always less than Brent. Currently there's only a few dollars difference between the two but actual sales value is different from what it is priced at. There are a number of factors why:
Firstly, oil sales have to go through intermediaries. Intermediaries operate under sanctions. There is often a mark up due to 'risk management'.
Secondly, the shadow fleet are more reluctant to ship oil due to risk. And this is simply a numbers game: insurance costs have risen.
Key Drivers of Rising Insurance Costs [Arabian and Gulf Business Insight, AGBI]
- War Risk Insurance Spikes: Additional war risk insurance (AWRP) for tankers passing through high-risk chokepoints like the Strait of Hormuz has jumped from pre-conflict levels of 0.10% to 0.25% of a vessel’s hull value up to 6% to 10%. [1, 2]
- Multimillion-Dollar Voyage Additions: For a supertanker (Very Large Crude Carrier, or VLCC) valued around $100 million to $140 million, a single voyage through a high-risk zone can incur $3 million to $20 million in war-risk insurance surcharges alone. This adds roughly $7 to $8 to the cost of a single barrel of crude oil.
- Black Sea War-Risk Premiums: Additional war-risk insurance (AWRP) rates for tankers calling at Russian and regional Black Sea ports have climbed steeply. For instance, war-risk quotes for Black Sea oil liftings have spiked—with per-vessel insurance costs on specific routes (such as Novorossiysk) jumping from roughly $200,000 to as high as $2.5 million per voyage.
So, if you take out insurance costs, intermediary costs and the fact that the black market price for Russian oil is less than what is listed, mainly because there is risk in the oil not actually getting elivered, the profit margins aren't sufficient to cover Russian national debt running at 18-20% of GDP having risen to $450bn.
There is not enough money circulating to service the debt, regional budgets and the war effort simultaneously.
- [Sources: The Glpbal Economy and ISI Markets https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/russia/tax-revenue--of-gdp]
- In an effort to mitigate the burgeoning fiscal pressures, Putin has simply raised taxation.
According to the World Bank Tax Revenue Dataset, tax revenue in the Russian Federation is approximately 10.87% to 10.9% of GDP (based on data through 2024).
Broader metrics tracking total Russian government budget revenues (which combine direct and indirect taxes, plus oil and gas revenues and other state receipts) place total consolidated public revenues closer to 20% to 22% of GDP depending on the specific fiscal quarter and commodity market fluctuations.